Arnold & Porter LLP is an international law firm with an in-depth understanding of the changing business environment as it intersects with law, regulatory policy, and business. With more than 650 lawyers practicing in the US and abroad in over 25 areas of practice, the firm brings a valuable perspective and proven track record of experience in cross-border regulation, litigation, and transactional law. Arnold & Porter LLP maintains offices in Brussels, Denver, London, Los Angeles, New York, Northern Virginia, Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Washington, DC. The firm is committed to the standard of client service established by its founders, who maintained that each client is entitled to receive and, indeed, should expect and demand legal services of the highest possible quality. The firm believes that the cornerstone of every client relationship is the partnership that exists between the client and outside counsel. Accordingly, for every matter it undertakes, Arnold & Porter LLP works closely with the client to fashion well-conceived strategies responsive to the client's objectives.

Statement of Practice

Accounting, Cost, and Pricing (Government Contracts), Accountants' Liability (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Acquisitions and Dispositions (Real Estate) Advertising Substantiation (Consumer Protection and Advertising), Advocacy Before the Congress and the Administration (Legislative and Public Policy), Airline Industry (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Anti-Money Laundering and USA Patriot Act Defense (Financial Services), Antitrust (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Antitrust (White Collar Criminal Defense), Antitrust/Competition, Antitrust and Competition (Financial Services), Antitrust Litigation (Antitrust/Competition), Antitrust Litigation (Litigation), Appellate (Litigation), Appellate Practice (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Asia Pacific Practice, Audit/Due Diligence (Product Liability Litigation), Audits and Investigations (FDA and Healthcare), Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring, Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring (Subprime Lending Regulation, Enforcement and Litigation), Bankruptcy and Workouts (Real Estate), Bankruptcy Representation - Other, Bid Protest Litigation, Biosecurity (FDA and Healthcare), Biotechnology Industry, Broadcast/Multichannel Video, Broker-Dealer Matters (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Broker-Dealer / Securities Industry (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Build-to-Suits (Real Estate), Business Litigation, Business Restructuring, Business Transactions and Bankruptcy Counseling (Compensation and Benefits), California Proposition 65 (Consumer Protection and Advertising), California Proposition 65 (Environmental), California Proposition 65 (Product Liability Litigation), Capital Markets Transactions (Corporate and Securities), Capital Markets Transactions (Government Contracts), Charter Assessment (Financial Services), Chemicals (Environmental), Chemicals Industry, Civil Antitrust Investigations, Claims Litigation (Government Contracts), Class Actions (Consumer Protection and Advertising), Class Actions (Litigation), Climate Change, Colleges, Universities, and Other Nonprofits (Real Estate), Commodities and Derivatives (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Compensation and Benefits, Compliance and Counseling (Employment), Compliance, Regulatory, Legislative, and Enforcement(Information Security), Congressional Investigations, Congressional Investigations (White Collar Criminal Defense), Congressional Oversight and Investigations (Legislative and Public Policy), Consolidation of Strategic Industries (National and Homeland Security), Construction (Government Contracts), Consumer Product Safety (Consumer Protection and Advertising), Consumer Product Safety (Product Liability Litigation), Consumer Products Industry, Consumer Protection and Advertising (Antitrust/Competition), Consumer Protection and Advertising, Consumer Protection/Privacy/Telemarketing (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Contaminated Sites, Contract Compliance (Government Contracts), Copyrights, Corporate and Securities, Corporate and Securities Transactions (Biotechnology Industry), Corporate Control Contests and Corporate Governance (Financial Services), Corporate Governance, SEC Reporting, and Compliance, Corporate Real Estate (Real Estate), Corporate, Securities, Banking, and Finance (Tax, Trusts, and Estates), Corporate Transactions (Employment), Corporate Transactions (Government Contracts), Coverage and Reimbursement (FDA and Healthcare), Creditors' and Equity Committees, Criminal Antitrust/Cartel Investigations, Crisis Management (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Cybersecurity, Critical Infrastructure Protection, and E-Commerce (National and Homeland Security), Development (Real Estate), Dispute Resolution (Litigation), District of Columbia Government Relations (Real Estate), E-Commerce and Technology (Privacy), Economic Recovery and the Changing Regulatory Landscape, Electronic Discovery (Litigation), Employee Benefits (Tax, Trusts, and Estates), Employment, Employment (Government Contracts), Employment Litigation, Energy and Utilities Industry, Enforcement Counseling and Defense (Financial Services), Environmental, Environmental (White Collar Criminal Defense), Environmental Enforcement, Environmental - International, Environmental Litigation, Environmental Project Development, Environmental Regulatory Counseling, Environmental Risk Management, Equipment Authorizations/Enforcement (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), ERISA and Employee Benefit Plan Litigation, ERISA and Fiduciary Duty and Plan Investment, Europe Practice, European Practice (FDA and Healthcare), European Antitrust Practice, European Intellectual Property, European Product Liability, Executive Compensation, Export and Trade (White Collar Criminal Defense), Export Control (Government Contracts), Export Control, Economic Sanctions, and Trade Regulations(National and Homeland Security), FDA and Healthcare, FDA Strategy and Compliance, Federal Transactions (Real Estate), Financial Institutions (White Collar Criminal Defense), Financial Products and Services, Financial Regulation and Subprime Enforcement (Subprime Lending Regulation, Enforcement and Litigation), Financial Services Litigation (Financial Services), Financial Services Litigation (Litigation), Financial Services, Financial Services (Privacy), Financial Services Consumer Protection, Financial Services Preemption Litigation (Financial Services), Financial Services Regulatory and Strategic Counseling, Financing (Real Estate), Financing Transaction (Corporate and Securities), Financing Transactions and Capital Markets (Financial Services), Food and Drug (White Collar Criminal Defense), Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Global Anti-Corruption (FCPA)(Government Contracts), Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Global Anti-Corruption (FCPA)(National and Homeland Security), Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Global Anti-Corruption (FCPA)(Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Global Anti-Corruption (FCPA)(White Collar Criminal Defense), Foreign Policy and National and Homeland Security Counseling(Homeland Security Industry), Foreign Policy and National and Homeland Security Counseling(National and Homeland Security), Foreign Policy, National Security, and Other Related Issues(Legislative and Public Policy), Fraud and Abuse / False Claims (FDA and Healthcare), FTC and State AG Consumer Protection Enforcement (Consumer Protection and Advertising), General Services Administration (GSA) (Government Contracts), Global Antitrust Counsel, Global Brand Enforcement (Consumer Protection and Advertising), Global Brand Enforcement (Intellectual Property), Government Contracts, Government Contracts (Information Security), Government Contracts (Homeland Security Industry), Government Contracts (National and Homeland Security), Government Contracts (Privacy), Government Contracts (White Collar Criminal Defense), Government Contracts and Qui Tam (Litigation), Government Contractors Industry, Governments/Sovereigns Industry, Grand Jury Investigations (White Collar Criminal Defense), Grants (Government Contracts), Healthcare Fraud and Abuse (White Collar Criminal Defense), Healthcare Industry, Healthcare Industry (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals (Privacy), Hedge Funds and Derivatives, Hedge Funds and Private Equity (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Hedge Fund and Private Equity Investment in Financial Institutions, Homeland Defense (National and Homeland Security), Homeland Security Industry, Hospitality (Real Estate), Hospitality Industry, Information Security, Insider Trading (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Intellectual Property (Patent/Data Rights) (Government Contracts), Intellectual Property and Technology Litigation, Internal Investigations (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Internal Investigations (White Collar Criminal Defense), Internal Investigations and Compliance (Government Contracts), International (Privacy), International (Real Estate), International (Tax, Trusts and Estates), International (Telecommunications, Internet and Media), International and Foreign Banking, International Arbitration, International Procurement (Government Contracts), International Trade, Internet/Broadband (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Investors and Asset Purchasers (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Lanham Act/Competitor Challenges to Advertising (Consumer Protection and Advertising), Large Reorganizations (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Latin America Practice, Leasing (Real Estate), Legislative and Public Policy, Legislation and Public Policy (Financial Services), Licensing and Partnering (Biotechnology Industry), Litigation, Litigation (Environmental), Litigation (Information Security), Litigation: Trial/Appellate/Agency Enforcement(Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Media and Entertainment Industry, Mergers and Acquisitions (Antitrust/Competition), Mergers, Acquisitions, and Divestitures (Corporate and Securities), Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances (Financial Services), Middle East Practice, Nanotechnology Industry, National and Homeland Security, National and Homeland Security (Government Contracts), Natural Resources Damages, National Security (White Collar Criminal Defense), North America Practice, Partnerships and Real Estate (Tax, Trusts, and Estates), Patent (Biotechnology Industry), Patent Litigation (Intellectual Property), Patent Prosecution and Counseling (Intellectual Property), Patents, Pension and Welfare Plan Counseling, Pharmaceutical/Medical Device Industry, Plan Termination Counseling, Policy (FDA and Healthcare), Political Law Compliance (Legislative and Public Policy), Political Law, Government Ethics and Lobbying Compliance, Preemption (Litigation), Pricing (FDA and Healthcare), Privacy, Privacy and Data Security (Financial Services), Private Equity, Privatization and Outsourcing (Government Contracts), Product Liability Litigation, Public Policy/National Security/Homeland Security/Trade Sanctions/Export Controls (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Real Estate, Real Estate Bankruptcy Matters, Real Estate Litigation, Regulatory Compliance (Biotechnology Industry), Resolving Litigation Portfolios (Product Liability Litigation), Restatements and Complex Accounting Issues (Securities Enforcement and Litigation), Risk Management (FDA and Healthcare), Satellite (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Secured Lenders (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Securities (White Collar Criminal Defense), Securities Industry, Securities Enforcement and Litigation, Senior Living (Real Estate), Small Business (Government Contracts), Sovereign Finance, State and Local Government Action (Legislative and Public Policy), Structured Finance / Structured Transactions (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Subcontractor Disputes (Government Contracts), Subprime Lending Regulation, Enforcement and Litigation, Subprime Litigation (Subprime Lending Regulation, Enforcement and Litigation), Suspension and Debarment, White Collar Crime, and Fraud (Government Contracts), Tax Controversy and Litigation, Tax Counseling, Tax, Trusts and Estates, Tax-Exempt Organizations, Technology / IP Transactions and Licensing (Intellectual Property), Telecommunications Industry (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Telecommunications, Internet, and Media, The Internet and New Media (Intellectual Property), Toxic Tort, Toxic Tort (Litigation), Trade Secrets and Confidential Information, Trademark and Unfair Competition Matters, Transactions (Information Security), Transactions/Mergers and Acquisitions/Bankruptcy (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Transportation Industry, Trials, Trusts and Estates, Unsecured and Trade Creditors (Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring), Venture Capital, White Collar Criminal Defense, Winning At Trial (Product Liability Litigation), Winning Before Trial (Product Liability Litigation), Winning On Appeal (Product Liability Litigation), Wireless (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Wireline (Telecommunications, Internet, and Media), Withdrawal Liability (Compensation and Benefits), zZoning and Land Use (Real Estate).

Address

1600 Tysons Boulevard, Suite 900
McLean, VA 22102-4690, (Fairfax Co.)

Phone

Phone: 703-720-7000
Fax: 703-720-7399

Website

http://www.arnoldporter.com

Firm/Affiliate Offices

(For biographical data of the Washington, D.C. Personnel, see Professional Biographies at Washington, D.C.)

(For biographical data of the Los Angeles Personnel, see Professional Biographies at Los Angeles, California)

(For biographical data of the Denver Personnel, see Professional Biographies at Denver, Colorado)

(For biographical data of the New York Personnel, see Professional Biographies at New York, New York)

(For biographical data of the London Personnel, see Professional Biographies at London, England)

(For biographical data of the Brussels Personnel, see Professional Biographies at Brussels, Belgium)

(For biographical data of the Palo Alto personnel, see Professional Biographies at Palo Alto, California)

(For biographical data of the San Francisco personnel, see Professional Biographies at San Francisco, California)

PARTNERS

Paul D. Freshour (Partner) admitted to bar, 1992, Virginia; 1995, District of Columbia. Education: University of Virginia (B.A., 1989); Harvard University (J.D., 1992). Practice Areas: Corporate; Securities; Financial Institutions; Biotechnology; Private Equity.Email: Paul D. Freshour

Susan E. Hendrickson (IP & Technology Transactions) admitted to bar, 1994, New York; 1995, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: Harvard University (A.B., magna cum laude, 1987; J.D., cum laude, 1993); JFK School of Government (M.P.P., 1993). Harvard Law Review. Practice Areas: Intellectual Property and Technology; Life Sciences.Email: Susan E. Hendrickson

Kristen Ittig (Partner) admitted to bar, 1997, Maryland; 1998, District of Columbia; 2007, Virginia; U.S. District Court, District of Maryland, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia; U.S. Court of Federal Claims; U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit; U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit. Education: American University (B.A., 1990); Vanderbilt University (J.D., 1996). Member: The District of Columbia Bar; American Bar Association (Member, Sections on: Public Contract Law; Litigation). Practice Areas: Government Contracts.Email: Kristen Ittig

Kevin J. Lavin (Partner) admitted to bar, 1989, New York; 1992, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: Georgetown University (B.A., 1985; J.D., magna cum laude, 1988). Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities; Telecommunications, Internet and Media.Email: Kevin J. Lavin

David P. Metzger (Partner) admitted to bar, 1974, Wisconsin; 1982, District of Columbia; 1983, Virginia. Education: University of Wisconsin-Madison (B.A., with honors, 1970; J.D., 1974). Author: "SBIR Commercialization: Inserting Phase III Innovations Into Government Missions," presented to the Navy Opportunity Forum, May 9, 2007, Reston, VA; "A Privatization Alternative: The Adequacy of Award Selection Documentation: A Changing Tide at GAO," Federal Contracts Report, Bureau of National Affairs, December 17, 2002; "A Tale of Two Cases: Pratt & Whitney and Teledyne," Government Contract Audit Report, December 2001; "Regulations, Risks & Opportunities," Department of Defense/National Science Foundation High Technology Conference, Washington, DC, Spring 2000; Speech, "Emerging Trends in Research and Technology," The Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Research Symposium, Chicago, 1993. Co-Author: "The Department of Veterans Affairs' Enhanced-Use Leasing Program," ABA Public Contract Law Journal, Summer 2001; "The DIVAD Decision: Another Scanwell Sea Change or Merely A Torncello Ripple?" Federal Contracts Report, Bureau of National Affairs, July 22, 1996; "GAO's Proposed Bid Protest Rules: On the Road to an Improved Process," Federal Contracts Report, Bureau of National Affairs, April 3, 1995; "Government Contractor Teaming Arrangements and the Antitrust Laws - A Brief Comment on United States v. Alliant Techsystems and Aerojet-General Corporation," Federal Contracts Report, Bureau of National Affairs, March 28, 1994. Co-Instructor, Advanced Procurement Issues Workshop, Educational Services Institute. Member, Board of Visitors, University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School. Former President, Boards of Contract Appeals Bar Association. Chairman, General Counsels' Committee, Professional Services Council. Member: State Bar of Wisconsin; Virginia State Bar; The District of Columbia Bar. Practice Areas: Government Contracts; Litigation.Email: David P. Metzger

Randall K. Miller (Partner) admitted to bar, 1997, Pennsylvania and New Jersey; 1998, District of Columbia; 2005, Virginia. Education: Pennsylvania State University (B.A., 1988); George Washington University (J.D., 1996). Practice Areas: Litigation; Commercial Litigation; Fraud Litigation; Deceptive Advertising Litigation; Securities Enforcement and Litigation.Email: Randall K. Miller

Robert B. Ott (Partner) admitted to bar, 1979, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: College of William & Mary (B.A., 1976); Catholic University of America (J.D., 1979). Catholic University Law Review. Chairman, Corporation, Finance and Securities Law Section, District of Columbia Bar, 1990-1991. Practice Areas: Corporate; Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures; Securities; Leveraged Buyouts.Email: Robert B. Ott

Steve Parker (Partner) admitted to bar, 1983, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: Dartmouth College (B.A., 1978); Cornell University (J.D., 1982). Articles Editor, Cornell Law Review, 1981-1982. Law Clerk to The Honorable Frank M. Johnson, Jr., U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit, 1982-1983. Practice Areas: Corporate; Securities; Intellectual Property.Email: Steve Parker

Michael I. Raschid (Partner) admitted to bar, 1987, Pennsylvania; 1988, District of Columbia; 2000, Virginia. Education: University of Pennsylvania (B.A., cum laude, 1982); University of Virginia School of Law (J.D., 1986). Member: American Bar Association (Member, Business Law and International Law Sections). Practice Areas: Information Technology; Intellectual Property and Technology; Life Sciences; Outsourcing; Nanotechnology; India.Email: Michael I. Raschid

COUNSEL

David G. Dargatis (Counsel) admitted to bar, 1997, Pennsylvania (inactive); 1998, New Jersey (inactive); 1999, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: Pennsylvania State University (B.S., Accounting); Fordham University (M.B.A.); University of Iowa College of Law (J.D. with high distinction). Certified Management Accountant (inactive). Practice Areas: Corporate Law; Private Equity; Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures.Email: David G. Dargatis

Peter T. Grossi, Jr. (Senior Counsel) admitted to bar, 1974, Connecticut; 1975, District of Columbia. (Not admitted in Virginia). Education: Trinity College (B.A., M.A., 1969); Yale University (J.D., 1973). Yale Law Journal. Law Clerk to Hon. J. Joseph Smith, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 1973-1974. Practice Areas: Litigation; Products Liability; Antitrust; Food and Drug.Email: Peter T. Grossi, Jr.

David A. Rhodes (Counsel) admitted to bar, 1998, Maryland; 1999, District of Columbia; 2001, Virginia. Education: Macalester College (B.A., 1992); Tulane University School of Law (J.D., magna cum laude, 1998). Tulane Law Review. Practice Areas: Intellectual Property; Commercial Law; Contracts; Computer Law; Technology and Science; Entertainment and the Arts; Copyrights.Email: David A. Rhodes

David J. Valeck (Counsel) admitted to bar, 1999, New York; 2000, Illinois; 2006, Virginia. Education: Michigan State University (B.A., 1994); University of Michigan Business School (M.B.A., 1998); University of Michigan Law School (J.D., 1998). Member: Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Commercial Finance; Private Equity.Email: David J. Valeck

ASSOCIATES

Charlie Bingham, Jr. (Associate) admitted to bar, 2009, Virginia. Education: Howard University School of Law (J.D., 2008). Charlie Bingham is an associate in Arnold & Porter LLP's Northern Virginia office. He is a member of the firm's corporate and securities, intellectual property, and telecommunications, Internet, and media practice groups. Mr. Bingham's practice focuses on mergers and acquisitions, securities, private equity, venture capital, general corporate matters, and a variety of intellectual property transactions. In addition, Mr. Bingham has experience in various government contracts and litigation matters. Mr. Bingham is a 2008 graduate of Howard University School of Law from which he earned his JD and served as a member of the Howard Law Journal. He received his BS in mass communications from Jackson State University in 2002 and a MAT from Morgan State University in 2005. Member: Virginia Bar Association; Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities(80%); Intellectual Property Licensing(5%); Intellectual Property Rights(5%); Federal Contracts(5%); Bid Protests(5%).Email: Charlie Bingham, Jr.

Chandra N. Branham (Associate) admitted to bar, 2001, Virginia; 2008, District of Columbia. Education: Drexel University (B.S., 1988); George Mason University School of Law (J.D., 2001). Member: Virginia State Bar; The District of Columbia Bar. Practice Areas: FDA and Healthcare.Email: Chandra N. Branham

Caitlin Keegan Cloonan (Associate) admitted to bar, 2002, Virginia. Education: American University (B.A., 1996); George Washington University Law School (J.D., 2002). Practice Areas: Government Contracts; Litigation.Email: Caitlin Keegan Cloonan

Nicholas M. DePalma (Associate) admitted to bar, 2006, Virginia; 2007, District of Columbia. Education: George Mason University (B.A., 2003); College of William & Mary School of Law (J.D., 2006). Order of the Coif; Order of Barristers. Member: William & Mary National Trial Team; William & Mary Law Review. Practice Areas: Litigation.Email: Nicholas M. DePalma

Melinda A. Freyfogle (Associate) admitted to bar, 2006, Virginia. Education: University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 2002); William & Mary School of Law (J.D., 2006). Member: Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities; Intellectual Property and Technology.Email: Melinda A. Freyfogle

Joshua J. Gessler (Associate) admitted to bar, 2000, Pennsylvania; 2001, District of Columbia; 2006, Virginia. Education: American University (B.A., 1995); George Mason University School of Law (J.D., 2000). Member: The District of Columbia Bar; Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Corporate Law; Securities; Mergers and Acquisitions; Fund Formation; Private Equity.Email: Joshua J. Gessler

Kristina Heiberger (Associate) admitted to bar, 2004, Virginia. Education: South Dakota State University (B.S., with honors, 1999); University of Minnesota Law School (J.D., magna cum laude, 2004). Member: Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Intellectual Property; Biotechnology.Email: Kristina Heiberger

Jeungmin Lee (Associate) admitted to bar, 2008, Virginia. Education: Yonsei University (B.A., 2003); American University, Washington College of Law (J.D., 2008). Member: Virginia State Bar. Languages: Korean, English. Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities; Intellectual Property.Email: Jeungmin Lee

Sarita B. Malakar (Associate) admitted to bar, 2009, District of Columbia. (Not admitted in Virginia). Education: George Washington University Law School (J.D., 2008). Languages: Nepali, Hindi. Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities.Email: Sarita B. Malakar

Colleen Holcomb McDuffie (Associate) admitted to bar, 1995, Virginia; 1998, District of Columbia. Education: George Mason University (B.S., Physics, 1990; B.S.E.E., 1990); University of Virginia (J.D., 1995). Member: Virginia State Bar; The District of Columbia Bar. Practice Areas: Intellectual Property; Technology Law.Email: Colleen Holcomb McDuffie

Andrew J. Norman (Associate) admitted to bar, 2003, Virginia. Education: College of William & Mary (B.B.A., cum laude, 2000; B.A., cum laude, 2000); College of William & Mary School of Law (J.D., 2003) Order of the Coif. Member: Virginia State Bar. Practice Areas: Corporate and Securities; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Intellectual Property and Technology; Biotech and Medical Technology; Information Technology.Email: Andrew J. Norman

Kristen R. Riemenschneider (Associate) admitted to bar, 2006, District of Columbia; Virginia; registered to practice before U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Education: University of Virginia (B.S.E.E., 2001); University of Virginia School of Law (J.D., 2006). Practice Areas: Intellectual Property; Technology; IP Transactions and Licensing.Email: Kristen R. Riemenschneider